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The Vicissitudes

year is finished, and has served six mesecitos blog, a record considering that during much of that time has been busy with the Germanic invasions, with how easy it would been writing about air traffic controllers and all of Spain is passing over here, but what the hell! Toode Here are the entries in this series of entries:

Muhammad
and Charlemagne - on the date of commencement of the Middle Ages
The fall of Rome and the end of civilization Another entry
more about the fall of Rome
Germanic peoples
The Age of Invasions : I and II

A true epic saga, yes sir. And today, as a gift, an unreleased bonus track. An unusual biography of someone of that era.
Normally I would not support the biographies of my misgivings to exalt "great characters" of the past, something that often has to highlight misleading as to virtues and that's not very scientific to say. But I found it very interesting (and film), and I have not been contained.

Flavius \u200b\u200bStilicho, better known as Stilicho, was born in 359, son of a Vandal and a Roman military, was educated in the Roman and knew from a young Roman upper class.

He joined the army (Rome), where he rose to the success of a diplomatic mission to Persia earned him a promotion to general in 384, and as general defended the Empire from the attacks of the Goths for 20 years .

was working so well that the Emperor Theodosius married his adopted niece Flavia Serena Stilicho. The union produced a son, Eucherius.

After the assassination of Western Emperor Valentinian II (392), Stilicho accompanied the army would lead to victory Theodosius in the Battle of the Frigid . One of his comrades during the campaign was the Goth Alaric, who later became his opponent on the battlefield. Stilicho distinguished himself in battle, and Theodosius saw him as a man worthy of being responsible for the future security of the empire. The Last Emperor of a united Rome appointed him as tutor to his son Honorius. To ensure its influence on the new young emperor, Stilicho married his daughter to Honorius, which was a real scandal among the nobility and courtiers, who did not accept the half blood daughter of a barbarian, to marry the emperor West.

His first major challenge, now as magister militum emerged in 395 when Alaric broke his treaty with Rome and had to cope. For the event, the victorious army in the fridge, a combination of Eastern and Western forces. However, in the East, the emperor Arcadius was in the hands of an old enemy Stilicho, the Praetorian Prefect Rufinus ordered the return of troops to Constantinople, leaving the army too weak to prosecute Alaric. Stilicho was frustrated their intentions. Poetically, they Rufino troops killed upon their return.

Stilicho Alaric get defeat two years later in Macedonia (397), although Alaric himself managed to escape. That same year he suppressed the revolt of Gildo in Africa. In 401, he led a long campaign against their "relatives", the Vandals, and other hordes of barbarians. One more year and returned to defeat Alaric in Pollentia (402) and Verona (403).

In 405 came the turn of the Swabians, who were defeated, but the Rhine was almost without defenses allowing the invasion the following year. The 406 Radagaiso faced, sites with strong trenches until the defeat hunger. However, that same year saw the invasion of the Swabians, Vandals, Alans and a Rhine almost defenseless from the previous year's campaign, the rest is history ...

In summary, Stilicho was a competent soldier who had earned the confidence of the Emperor Theodosius, had married his niece, Serena, who became really headed West on behalf of the young Honorius (who married the daughter of Stilicho) won the consulship (the judiciary's most prestigious empire) twice, and received Senate special honor a silver statue gold in the forum.

But its origins were never forgotten.

His ancestry and faith barbarian Arian led to rejection in the eyes of imperial advisers, who spread the rumor of having planned the assassination of Rufinus in cahoots with his old ally Alaric, who had "invited" to the barbarians to invade Gaul and planned to place his son on the throne. Honorius despite having been educated by Stilicho, finally yielding to pressure from his advisors, declaring him public enemy.

The 408 August 22 was executed after taking off the insignia of magister militum. Eucherius his son was killed in Rome shortly after.

When news broke in the cities of northern Italy was kindled animosity against the barbarians, resulting in a slaughter of the helpless wives and children the Germans foederati who were serving in the military. Knowing this, soldiers who had lost their families deserted en masse (estimates were about 30,000), and with groups of runaway slaves joined the troops of Alaric. When two years later, Alaric entered Rome, many of these men participated in the looting of the city, which have seen apparently did not have to be pretty.

I knew this man as I read Ward-Perkins and I found a good summary of everything that had been laying around here, an example of how the barbarians could be integrated into Roman society, but at the same time, the integration leaves much to be desired and clumsy management policy was the emergence Roman of the Germans.

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legendary Vandal Stilicho

During a entries on the era of invasions and because of the presence or absence of a real Arthur, Kike commented the other day with plenty of wisdom that should not be mixed history and myth in the same post. And because it gave me an idea for me to publish another.

could talk about how a legend does yield historical information, but not about the actual facts allegedly told, but rather about the mentality of the era in which the public is told and what heard: it matters little what really made an obscure sixth-century warlord, Arthur embodies the values \u200b\u200bof the ideal ruler of the twelfth century, the fruit of imagination of bards of the twelfth century for a twelfth-century audience. And it is famous for that.

But no. Today we will talk about poop. Poop ... and magic. And, Merlin the magician par excellence, of course, is also believed remotely based on real characters, especially two, or at least around these two are set up his legend, and legend did not get along with the facts. Realized that in the twelfth century someone who knew stories sell well: Geoffrey of Monmouth .

One of these characters was a certain The iloko : A bard who performed late sixth century prophecies for a Celtic king of southern Scotland. Tradition says that after the battle of Arfderydd (573) went crazy and went to the woods of Caledonia where in his madness let go prophecies.

The other was Myrddin Emrys, which appears in the History Britonum of Nennius (ninth century, long before the appearance of King Arthur, in any letter) This was Myrddin said the tyrant Vortigern's famous prophecy of the two dragons facing each other. Have been born in Caemarthen Myrddin in Welsh: Caermyrddin, the name comes from the Brythonic Moridonum (hard by the sea) but as that name was very bland he invented a translation as " the strength of Myrddin "to spread the legend that was born there, and if streamed, to attract tourism revenue.

When Geoffry of Monmouth wrote his History Regum Brittaniae in the thirties of the twelfth century, puts this Myrddin as a counselor to King Uther Pendragon and godfather his son Arturo. But they encounter a problem: he wrote in French. For a court of Norman lords who spoke French. The Normans, to legitimize their invasion of England sought to identify with King Arthur and his court, and emerge with his new subjects as restorers of a tradition older than the Saxons. Which is always nicer to say you come to restore something to say that you come to invade it. He played

for "Frenchify" the character to please the Norman s. Well, Myrddin was Latinized into "Merdinus" , which sounds like it sounds. Indeed, THE Supersage magician par excellence-powerful and would be known by posterity as " The Shit." Real history and aura of wonder does not end up marrying well.

Good old Geoffrey of Monmouth recochineo noticed the widespread it was going to lead in Europe when they saw that the King issue, and model of the Normans, was advised by a shit.
without thinking twice, changed the "D" with an "L", made him Merlinus (Merlin in Castilian), was spared the ignominy and became a recurring character in emerging romances. Geoffrey of Monmouth, has deprived many people of many jokes, but instead, contributed to the birth of a myth, and that's beautiful man.

So while I advocate that if you document a little, everything is best, when you criticize a series or film solely because of their low historical accuracy, you have to think to sacrifice truth for the sake of spectacle and epic is something has been done since the beginning of time, and of course, also in the Middle Ages. Because every time you need your little legend.

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blocking

we usually commit errors frequently to interact with others and often block communication and prevent the occurrence of good empathetic.
• tendency to downplay your concerns to the other: "That is nonsense that you have to remove the head."
• listen and judge bias, allowing our ideas and beliefs to influence the interpretation of what happens to the other: "As always happens to you," this is not going to get anything, "" never do anything right "...
• be an example for having gone through the same experiences, "that's nothing compared to what happened to me"
• no further attempt to encourage "mood, everything in this life than"

And the most difficult these two as they are on the cutting edge of authentic communication, but this is actually feel ...
• compassion, "what bad luck you"
• to agree and go with the flow: how right you are "

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Identify emotions empathy. The limits of microcredit


I get information a course that looks interesting. Fly pen some notes from your text.

The first step in being able to manage our emotions is to identify and then discover what we produce each of them, how we react, how we defend, how we ... when we feel anger, or fear ... how to feel more joy, happiness, peace ..

have to see where they come from those emotions and how to channel them blocked.
That cost us more accepting emotion? which I deny? The

idea is to get to know through those emotions, accept them and change that we do not want blocked.

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The Spanish and Documentary Heritage-O-Hits

Working in a file is an experience that can give no little satisfaction, but also some point, "WTF?" The chilling tale that will hear below is based on real events.

elapses in any institution file (call it "Peich"), where among other things is preserved historical documentation (in Spain and for documents with sensitive information that is usually 50 years after the end of application processing or 25 after the death of the person if any):

- Archivist : and this documentation where it was before?

- Peich Worker: I do not know, when I arrived it was already here. But it was fatal, the windows were open and wet when it rained, like today. Last winter, it rained so much, it was wet.

- Archivist , but last winter it never stopped raining since November "no one came close windows?

- Peich Worker: no. Do you not see that before there was archivist?

- Archivist : an archivist is needed to close the windows if the papers are wet?

- Peich Worker: clear. Do not see why they do not know? They see that if it is open for nothing. And so he stays.

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If I keep making bad jokes to label the entries will have to report me. But today was sooo obvious ...
Turns out I made a Twitter account ... and that I have it, in the process of knowing what exactly does hell.

meantime has helped me to find shit. Because yes, I am follower of Charlemagne , because if not worth pursuing the emperor of the Franks, who the heck is going to deserve? Well, yes, King Arthur, but the Pendragon has always been a classic for these things and not Twitter.

The fact is that I discovered by Charlemagne THIS :



EPIC!

If we ignore what you put in your account description on Youtube (" historyteachers ") are just Therefore, teachers of American Institute of history of success playing versions of pop-rock of a lifetime with historical-themed lyrics. Because they have a lot: they dare to Beatles, The Knack , Lady Gaga , RadioHead Creep, and even the Hard Casio! , superb interpretation of Venus, by Bananarama:

Aquinas meets Stock, Aitken & Waterman, how could I not happen before?

What is your objective? Engaging "unsuspecting young Americans to history? Mero "freak? Do you mix the two? Possibly. But before you think something like "tiny frikazos" and make the easy joke, think of the work of these letters and in the effort to do the best they can be your voice (which is not much, but mine is not to go around criticizing ) to expose to shame others on Youtube, no, gentlemen, in every line of every version of those more willing to work and more love by history (with a capital) that throughout the entire work perpetrated by César Vidal .

Damn it, believe in what do, and do so with affection and respect that Camelot. That and they are catchy, so sorry for Blondie, but I can never avoid a loud Charlemagne!

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The Age of Invasions (II)

By 420 the Huns had come to establish a kind of state centered on the great plain of the Danube, (I love that word) Puszta, reminding them of where they came from the steppes and from where they were dedicated tribute to Constantinople to ask while were getting settled.

In 425 Attila was king, and some texts of the time I have surrounded by courtiers, so the "nationalization" of the Huns went ahead.

In one of these, the Emperor Marcian (seriously) from the East, refused to pay tribute to Attila, and he, enraged, decides to put all his anger ... about the West. Because from Constantinople Theodosius II had walls that made it impregnable until the advent of gunpowder, and Attila would be the wrath of God, but he was no fool: plundering the Western Empire was much easier. By the way, the East had found a solution to the "Dark Ages": throwing the dead neighbor.

not be obvious, was to stop making the grace

Attila plundered towns of Gaul until the magister militum Aetius ask an Ostrogoths, Theodoric. Together they defeated Attila in the Campos Cataláunicos in 451, so no one can imagine the battle as "Roman" against "Huns", at this stage of the game, the Roman side fought more or less Romanized barbarians against troops of the Huns, which fought a confederation of many different peoples, including, of course, most Germans.

The world before the battle of the Fields Cataláunicos (or Chalons )

Attila had to retreat, but the following year came in Italy, where only confronted him and the bishop of Rome l Leo the Great to the full force of ... their bribes. Attila turned his satisfied Puzsta , married a Germanic princess (surprise!), And the spigot on their wedding night.

Hun Empire did not survive his death, but had a troubled role in the West, the existence of the Roman Empire as a political entity it is little more than twenty years down the hill.

As this happened, the island of Britain was long (from 411) abandoned to their fate by the Roman legions, so the more Romanized Celts of the island had to go alone against the Picts and Scots North island. This took advantage of the Sea Peoples: Saxons, Angles and Jutes , who devoted themselves to occupy Britain. From the British resistance against the Anglo-Saxons would emerge the legend of King Arthur, a mythical figure who could bridge the Indians and defend the island against the invader. And yes, I say mythical not share the widespread enthusiasm for locating a real King Arthur, which have been sure it was a local leader with a victory. The character is more revealing as legend as reality: the longing for a single king traditionally fragmented compared to Britons, than if it was little above them also engaged in fighting each other. Certainly after the fall of the island in 500 many fled and settled in France, leaving his name to the region of Brittany.

The Northern Gaul was divided into several states Barbarian Alamanni in Alsace, with its capital in Strasbourg, francs Ripuarians around Cologne and Salian Franks at Tournai . Soissons around a small kingdom was organized under the command of Roman Siagrio and between Lyon and Geneva are organizing the Arian kingdom of the Burgundians , the rest of Gaul and part of Hispania was occupied by the Visigoth king Eurico , which occupies Auvergne and Provence.

back to Rome ... well no, the capital of the West now is Ravenna, from Attila, the imperial title was a toy in the hands of various Germanic warlords who haunted the Court granted various emperors, each more manageable as above, until Odoacer, the son of a secretary of Attila, deposed Romulus Augustus, last emperor ...

And here ends the post with the start of the Middle Ages and the end of the Roman Empire in 476 .

...

Vengaa, you almost have believed it. But after some post could not leave it at that.

... the last emperor of the West, because the East is one, and he sends Odoacer their badges and their respects. Neither made any new emperor and taken to If the title was named consul in the East, so honor, and ruled Italy as such, theoretically acting on behalf of the Emperor of Constantinople. That certainly

East hardly fazed by this, were given to reform its army to expel foreigners it and create a native, recruited mainly in the region of Isaura. In fact they were so good that the army leaves the new dynasty of Constantinople: the Isaurians. The first, Zeno, was found again with the problem of the Ostrogoths, who had been released from Attila went out there causing trouble. Therefore, Zeno sent Theodoric the Great Ostrogoths to Italy to get rid of Odoacer, would not accommodate a lot, and so the two were busy (divert the problems the West had proved why change?). The following map is relatively well.


V century has just

and the Western Mediterranean is in the hands of Germans very Romanized and Christian religion Arian, Theodoric in Italy, Provence and part of the Balkans, Visigoths in Hispania, and the Vandals in northern Africa. The Gauls are a conglomerate of kingdoms: Alamanni, Thuringia, Burgundians, of Burgundian ... Arian religion.

But he was soon to change this: Clovis, the Franks brought together, the less Romanized of all, in 481, defeated the Alamanni, Thuringian and Burgundians, and converted to Catholicism directly from their pagan religion, winning the favor of the Catholic clergy . In 511 all Gaul is free except for Provence in the south and the kingdom of the Burgundians in the current Burgundy.

Keep in mind that sometimes the Germanic population was 5% of all the kingdoms they founded, over millions of Roman subjects, why they chose to settle regions or cities of strategic value. And we know that changed all that much.

Theodora, for example, traders continued nurturing eastern Italy, where there was no nostalgia for the previous period. In fact, Italy Ostrogothic of Theodoric was a very strange formation in which the games were still in the circus and the amphitheater and the ancient Roman families contended by the magistrates as ever. Who knows, maybe he could have revived the imperial title of the West centuries before Charlemagne.

So interesting and so well were doing fusion with an aggressive Roman emperor of Constantinople, Justinian, preferred to be cautious and decide it was time to regain what he considered his own in a time when Eastern Empire lived a golden age in the mid-sixth century. No more Ostrogothic kingdom. And later Justinian would imperil the restauratio and would end the Vandal kingdom in North Africa.



But for example, in the Frankish kingdom in the early 570 Chilperic record that we have built for chariot-racing circus in Soissons and Paris, openly emulating the Roman practice. Eurico
And the Visigoths (466-484), for example, had very Roman gestures: Lampridio protected, Latin poet, and contributed to the restoration the great Roman bridge of Merida, noting the company in a Latin inscription in verse.

This brings us to the sixth century, must see! from the first post ... back in the third century. For a century the Germanic kingdoms experiment was declining while Arian Christianity was giving way to Catholicism, new powers appeared: Islam, the Pope of Rome and the Frankish Empire, whose fragmentation arises feudal system.

Then, in the eighth century, with a Mediterranean split into three, and Islam, secular rival to force the West to reinvent itself when opened can be considered the Middle Ages.

And the story ends ... special post will be from where you can access this EPIC saga! to the right of the blog, and incidentally include a special bonus track of the most interesting. Then I will focus on cortitos things for a while, but very nice all of them.

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The Age of Invasions (I)

Noooo! What are you saying man? We have been hearing about since September invasions! Yes friends, and I have put rennet a one to this post. Now that ... the epic saga about the Fall of the Roman Empire ends. The one answer I started with what was a single post into two, which is actually where most action. Come on, it is about the invasions themselves. And the truth is better in action films, the input I've been a bit rollazo. Yet I have set, because intenna and English, apart from wikipedia there is little information on the subject (as sources I have consulted my beloved Western Civilization Medieval of Jacques le Goff, and current and for university moliente: The History of the Middle Ages Salvador Claramunt and others) and because after following the troubles of Pirenne, listening to the controversial Ward-Perkins and run into all the historical dilemma chicken and egg I wanted close this epic saga with something a little more to use. Who knows, as someone gets the bug at this time.

That
enjoy the spirits and calm delicate found a useful leisure, they put it at
the dangers and war. For them the supreme bliss is losing
life in a battlefield, die of old age or an accident is a shame and cowardice
to what you do not feel nothing but contempt;
kill a man is a heroism to which no
are enough praise. The trophy is the most beautiful hair
scalping an enemy, it serves decoration to the saddle of his horse
war. For them there are no temples or shrines, even a hole
covered with straw. A naked sword stuck in the ground
as barbaric ritual, becomes the sign of Mars. The
devoutly honored as the sovereign of the regions that run

or Ammianus Marcellinus on the Germans

If things had been otherwise, to best the Germans had entered the Empire, had settled and been Romanized, who knows. Because neither were many: the tribe largest Germanic could not have put on a war footing over 25,000 men ... against an empire of 25 million. But at the agreed time many tribes in many parts of the border, and the Empire (for me), it was no longer the era (although Ward-Perkins said yes). Why put in motion? Some say that this period coincided with climate change, global cooling reduced arable land, Scandinavia and Siberia and learned well. And began a migration from north to south in which some people pushed others.

The great migrations, 378-439 (source: History in Maps)

any event, the Germans sought asylum in principle peacefully, granting them sometimes in the form of foedus : whole tribes were settled on Roman soil to defend status. Although a priori
sounds good, coexistence was difficult. Roman landowning elites viewed with suspicion (if not apparent anger) as part of their land of all life ceased to be yours to hold to some foreigners, not always acted as peaceful neighbors.

On the other hand, as Ward-Perkins said, do not forget the negative bias ("barbarians") which the Romans showed towards these foreigners, the Germans realized, and who were in the position of defending a land where they were greeted with suspicion at best. With hatred and hostility at worst.

There are no good or bad here. Of course, the imperial reaction was the worst that could occur: usually opted for a policy of fait accompli ratifying these Germans as federated the Empire, and then, once inside, harass them and treat them with scorn. The conclusion was happen to have pissed barbarians within the borders to be VERY pissed barbarians within the borders. When these barbarians took advantage of the situation and become increasingly demanding, had the support of the poorer classes of Roman society, bacaudae in Gaul and Hispania, Circumcelliones in North Africa ... and finally, disinherited bands outside the State, engaged in looting. And in a Empire where the economic situation was becoming more chunga, many people had no other to "take the mountain." When the time had joined the invaders, because as Salviano :

"The poor are dispossessed, widows wail, tramples on the orphans to the extent that many of them, even people of good family who has received higher education, takes refuge in the enemy. In order not to succumb to the public prosecution, they seek among the barbarians humanity of the Romans, because they no longer can support among the Romans from the barbarians inhumanity.
are different from the people among those who seek refuge [...] however prefer to bow to this lack of resemblance before the Romans to suffer injustice and cruelty. migrate it to the Goths or bagaudas, or to other barbarians dominate everywhere and have nothing to reproach in this exile. Because prefer to live free under the appearance slave to live slaves under the guise of freedom .

Roman citizen's name, until recently, very dear, but come at a high price, is now repudiated and avoided, and is not considered only as of little value but it is an abomination ... Hence comes that even those who do not flee into the barbarians, yet are forced to become barbarians, as today happens to most of the English, to a considerable amount of Gauls and all which, in the full breadth of the Roman world, Roman pushes iniquity while remaining Romans. Let
, for example, the bagaudas that judges dispossessed bad and bloody, beaten, killed, having lost the right to freedom of Rome, have also lost the honor of the Roman name. And we call them rebels, missing men, when we are whom we have forced to become criminals "

A couple of the left post last emperor of a united Empire, Theodosius, by enacting the Edict of Thessaloniki in 380 to make Catholicism the official religion of the Empire. Let's go back a couple of years before that ...

The Goth people were divided. After a long journey across the steppes, the Ostrogoths had founded a kingdom in present-day Ukraine, while their relatives, the Visigoths, had crossed the Dniester river settled at the mouth of the Danube. Then a new threat looming from the east: the Huns. That actually was not but a confederation of Eurasian peoples from different backgrounds. When converted to the Ostrogoths in Ukraine in tax, the old king, Ermanarico committed suicide.
The Visigoth king Fritigern
to see the fate of their cousins \u200b\u200bin the east, and by that of "when you see the neighbor's beard cut ..." sought asylum in the land of the Romans in 376, some 10,000 Visigoths settle in northern Thrace. To find that the lands ceded were of poor quality, and when asked annona or material resources to grow them were found with the corrupt imperial government of the time. What I was saying before: Visigoths pissed in a hostile environment.
began to carry out incursions into the south and the Eastern Emperor, Valens, decided to tackle them solo, without the western emperor in the Battle of Adrianople in 378 . It was a failure, and the emperor himself was killed. Has begun the era of invasions.

So the world was 378 (I know, is not the first time using this map) taking into account that such Ostrogoths you see when this actually would be under Hun domination.

Soon, the new emperor Theodosius, the Visigoths decided to issue a new land, this time in the fertile Mesia. While he, all right, but his death, the Empire again divided between Arcadius in the East and Honorius in the West.

Siglo V

A Honorius I had to deal with a new claim goda land in Pannonia, when he refused to accept it, the Visigoths crossed the Alps and entered Italy in 410 , under the leadership their king Allareiks (Castilianized Alaric), sacked the city of Rome .

Earlier, other people had heard of the arrival of the Huns, in 406 Swabians, Vandals and Alans crossed the Rhine and spilled throughout Gaul. In 411 Hispania was divided, a situation that the Empire has to accept federal avowals. After they entered Burgundians and Alemanni, who settled in the present Burgundy, which takes its name precisely the Burgundians.

The Mediterranean in the year 410 (source: Universidad Autonoma de Madrid)

Meanwhile, emerging from the Goths sack Rome turned to the north and settled in southern Gaul, where 413 are from in Toulouse the center of power. From there, are asked to honor the covenant of hospitality now linked to the emperor and march to Spain, to expel it to the Swabians, Vandals and Alans, with uneven success. The Swabian kingdom withstand even a time, but the Vandals and Alans joined to flee and settle in the Iberian Peninsula in northern Africa, one of the longest courses I find interesting from this period Vandal North African kingdom Founded by King Genserico, who conquered Carthage in 439.

From 417 and up 423 the situation begins to stabilize, Valentinian III, succeeded Honorius, found a weak rule, but not out. Aetius , magister militum , lieutenant in Gaul, might contain the desire for expansion of Goths and newcomers, the Franks, and install the Burgundians, but could not intervene in Africa, where Genserico had become owner of the western Mediterranean, reaching sack Rome (again) at 445. This time, sine ferro et igne. Of course anyway imperial headquarters had long since been moved to Ravenna. But before that, early V century, it appeared that the Empire had a break ... but would not last long: the Huns , long absent reappeared on the horizon, this time led by the man who was going to get through the front door in history: Attila.
Bonus track

no apparent relation to the rest of the post :
an exercise in historical recreation (of which are being barbarian invasions), this Friday I'll be at the Town and Court attending a concert Blind Guardian , I say up Why ... well because always a good excuse to put this:



Ah Cravings warriors.

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out of poverty.



is interesting that this article exposes the limits of microcredit out of poverty.

seems that experience has shown that in many cases as more and more families, using micro mounted their own micro-enterprises, they are being crammed into the same local economic space, and yields of each micro-enterprise start drop dramatically.

Opening a bar, a workshop on basket weaving or driving a rickshaw requires little skill and only a small amount of capital, but that project generates few income actually because everyone more or less the same for survive.

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Germanic peoples Another input

One of the things about the story that should be more careful is that it is constantly reinterpreted according to the dominant ideas in the present. So it never hurts to be rather skeptical. The case of the barbarians is very typical. For example, the nineteenth century is the century of nationalism, and one of the things it does have any national movement is the need to legitimize itself through history how? looking for a "core country" make only a people and trying to prove that the essence remains unchanged through the centuries, and the older the better. Europe has always been crappy to identify with the Roman Empire: it leaves out the entire northern Europe and a common ancestor was uncomfortable for the nations of the nineteenth whose favorite pastime was to compete with each other. So they found in the various Germanic peoples (Goths, Franks ...) to their perfect candidate.
In the case of France and Germany, no coincidence that historians long each side would get involved in silly (and useless) debates over whether Charlemagne was more French than German or vice versa. Today, we have the European Union and Charlemagne has become seen as the primary driver of a European project. And free mind, I think Charlemagne would have laughed a lot with each other.

The truth is that the Germanic peoples had more in common than differentiating, same culture, same religion, same customs, same everything. But fragmented into tribes, over the years and by necessity, these tribes were gathering in large groups or confederations over that eventually created a group identity.

Let's see a little of these people:

The first is the scene, south of the Siberian taiga birch extends the area of \u200b\u200bthe steppes, to Manchuria. Has been traveled by people of Indo-European, Turkish and Mongolian in search of pasture for their animals, beating the rhythm of life of cattle to men. In summer there is a flight to the highlands in search of pasture, getting off in winter. Their diet is based on dairy products, and art in animal motifs on bronze plaques. The steppe is a great rider that rests on the bow and tie, flight envelope sham and persecution. This is where the people originally living on the steppes: Avars, Huns, Alans and Sarmatians.

The end steppe zone in the Carpathians, where the land is filled with forests and swamps, populated by Indo-European peoples more sedentary (rural nomadic practice), these people belong to two linguistic groups: the Slavs and the Germans .

Slavic : north of the Carpathians, between the Vistula and the Dnieper. Its origin is in the basin of Pripet in Polesie (marshland between Belarus and Ukraine) These barbarians are more livestock (sheep and swine) that farmers are also engaged in fishing and agriculture. Their paganism is an almost identical copy of the Sarmatian, worship the sun whose symbol is the rooster and the horse, and the great goddess in the sacred tree glades, birch.

Germanos : occupy northern Europe and the area of \u200b\u200bthe Vistula to the Rhine, and south to the Danube. There are a cohesive people but divided into groups with often hostile relations. At the end of the fourth century were divided into:

Franks at the mouth of the Rhine

Alemanni in the river Main.

Marcomanni / Bavarians, notebooks, Swabians and Thuringian in the Upper Danube.

Burgundians / Burgundy in East-Central Europe.

Lombard / Lombard in the middle of the Elbe.

Vandals ( asdingos and Siling ), northern Hungary.

Further north, the islands between the mouth of the Rhine and Elbe: Frisians, Jutes the Jutland Current and Anglo and Saxon in the lower Elbe.

Across the Baltic, Scandinavia, the source of all the Germanic migrations, were the Norwegian, Swedish and Danish .

Goths began to migrate in the second century C. from southern Scandinavia, across the Baltic. In the third century are installed on the Black Sea and receive the influence of Indo-European steppes (Slavic and Sarmatian) and Greco-Roman. Later divided into two groups, the Ostrogoths settled in Ukraine founded a kingdom of some entity, while another group, the Visigoths defeated Roman Emperor Valens at Adrianople in 378 and occupied the Balkans. As shown in the following map:

Europe in 378

The basic source for the history of the Goths is the History of Jordanes, which can keep an eye here.

Tacitus in Germania designated as main difference the absence Germanic landscape of cities and towns. Although succeeds in this, if they were villages of considerable size, more than 40 farms and more than 10 people in each, often surrounded by defensive works such as palisades and moats. There were two types of farms: the most common was rectangular tripartite gantry, housing and accommodation with other small units for weaving, warehouses, kitchens ... endowed aristocratic farm of defensive and had a large rectangular room, the hall, where he developed his life surrounded by Mr. gefolge (train warrior).
The individual has no more existence within the community of the family, patriarchal, is the basic cell, consisting of husband, wife and children and dependents, slaves and freedmen. Women participated in all spheres of human life by going into battle to encourage them and heal them, and if necessary, go into combat. Although mund was the authority Father's total on women and children. Germanic women could achieve an important role in the group. Children subjected to mund to 10 or 15 years when warriors before they cut his hair and became part of gefolge .

Most Germanic laws show that Germany is not only a warrior but also a farmer, a symbol of this is the francisca, a type of ax used as both tool and weapon clearing throwing.
agriculture and livestock were balanced to a degree that surprised the Romans, more agricultural. The plow was like the Roman in principle, but tough when land had to create a heavy plow to the grid could deepen. The grain was essential in their diet, mainly barley, followed by oats and rye, and lastly wheat. Private ownership was very involved in that society, although it is true that there were common areas for livestock, which stressed cattle, a small breed that was chiefly milk and meat.

were teachers in metal arms. Germanic steel was of better quality than the Roman, Germanic and steel a loan from the Celtic world, enjoying great popularity blacksmiths.

Europe in 400

Sources images :

History maps

Notebooks Medieval History at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid

Euratlas.net

White Cervical Mucus Like Cream Meaning

more about the fall of Rome

Most commenters The previous post is added to the idea of \u200b\u200bRoman decadence, some with reservations logics. We will not resolve what happened, but the fact is that with decline or not, what is clear is that the Empire had changed. Many times it is felt that the Roman Empire was an immutable thing put there by Octavio Augusto in 31 BC, which remained basically the same (but decaying) until the V century gentlemen Northern downloaded it ended. When politics or Roman society itself that varied over the years. The very word "empire" is misleading: rule was for the Romans that some charges had power to send troops, so the emperor had " imperium, but a consul, a proconsul or praetor were also technically "emperors". In fact, Augustus and his successors called themselves "princes", for what that although they had almost absolute power in theory were only the "First Citizen" (which I put quotation marks chest).

So the first two centuries or High Empire is also called the Principality , the third century is turning in Roman history (the Anarchy), and Lower Empire IV and V centuries it is sometimes called Dominated because Princeps stops beating and begins with tiny entitle Dominus (Lord), which, albeit symbolic, indicating a change mentality, because from Constantine also the Christian religion suits them to say that act as vicars of Christ on earth and therefore allowed to act with a despotic ways.

Throughout the history of Rome, and to change that change many things, such as society and the economy. During the Republic and the Principality, many people upon hearing the word "empire" and "conquest" is the image that came behind a troop legions of tax collectors, sensors, governors, bureaucrats and civilians to settle in the territory and systematically stripping the defeated of their culture and all, but in reality the Roman administration was not working well, but instead practiced a Laissez-faire. A senatorial elites that concerned them was very complicated to do business without head, unwilling to assimilate anyone. In principle.
But it was the subject of law, a conquered city was to be governed by their own practice as if nothing had changed: in addition to satisfying a tributum an indigenous community could see spending years since the conquest without materially change his life. But if that municipality is awarded the ius latii , Roman law, obtained important privileges, especially tax, in addition to the indigenous elites could speculate on a political career, including who know, in Rome (and indeed, the trend turned out to be the emergence of Hispanic emperors, Gauls, Arabic ...) The key to achieving this distinction was apparently more Roman than the Romans, so the famous "Romanization" was not a conscious process imposed from Rome: it was something that many people could get cut. By force would have been impossible to keep together as much territory so long. Meanwhile
mining, taxes and other wealth were granted to private companies or publicani , which could be devoted to filthy rich should pay on time while in Rome. Although Augustus and would create a body of officials, the confusion of public with private business was a constant for a long time.

Then came the third century :

The third century was a rather bad run for the Empire to begin overseas is accumulating enemies, notably the Persians (in 260, the emperor Valerian was defeated by the Persian Shapur I, a victory that was reflected in a stele with treading the Roman Emperor Shapur). But the biggest problem in the third century was the economy: a soaring inflation that attempted to correct lowering the amount of silver in the currencies and thus put more money in circulation, with one result: inflation shot further.

A purchasing troubled soldiers for how expensive it was getting everything, and a disproportionate role because they were needed more than ever on the borders led to a time of constant civil war that lasted throughout the third century, when virtually all Christ aspired to be named emperor by the garrison of his people.

end of the century, Emperor Diocletian came to fix things up, or so intended, because I've always heard that Diocletian was a policy of enlightened mind when he came to do was screw it all even more.

While he became emperor, he named "Caesar" (285) and then "Augustus" (286) Maximian would have control over the West, while Diocletian himself was already reserved the juiciest part of the Empire: the East. In 293 named two "Caesars" Constantius under the tutelage of his "Augustus" in the West and Galerius in the East under the tutelage of Diocletian. To further enhance the mutual loyalty of the Caesars each married daughters of their respective August.
is assumed that things must have worked well: the two August directly control a territory, the rest is shared the two Caesars, each supervised by his superior. In 305 the two August would have to withdraw and make way two Caesars, who passed in turn to be August.

The tetrarchy, as it is known, did not last two days (it was to be) a number of scams between Augusti and Caesars y. .. well, instead of reinforcing the unity of the Empire, causing a lot of civil wars in which they occur everywhere emperors until only one remains: Constantine , after defeating Maxentius at the Battle of the Bridge Milvio (312) presumably due to the Christian symbol painted the shields of his army.

The fourth century

Y and we get to Constantine in the fourth century. You can put the reign of Constantine as a starting point for the "Christianization" of the Empire, even though he himself was a pagan until his last days, allowed "officially" the existence of Cristano within its borders, and called the Council of Nicea in 325 to end disputes between different factions of the Church, condemning the so-called Arian heresy (which was the religion of the Germans) and finally, the Empire started to be a Christian empire. ( Here the controversy that resulted in the magnificent blog HistoriaClásica.com occasion of Nicea). Constantine

is also famous for having founded Constantinople and had put there the imperial capital, confirming that the center of the Empire was moved to the East.

But the emperor really made Christianity the official religion of the Empire was Theodosius in 380 with the Edict of Thessalonica. In addition, Teodosio is also known for being the last emperor of a unified empire after his death, is divided between his two sons: Arcadius in the East and Honorius in the West. Since then the history of the West, will be to the invasions to the final extinction of the imperial dignity. In the eastern part still had a long way to go until 1453.

The empire was divided teritoralmente prefectures, divided in dioceses headed by a vicar. In turn, each diocese is divided into provinces, ruled by a consul and proconsul. Conventus the provinces, and in municipalities conventus.


Society and economy

I always gave the impression that the Empire ended up getting him what others, a crisis of expansion. While there was new land to conquer, new shipments of metal coming to Rome and to open new markets, all good, but stopped the conquest and its dynamic effect of the economy, it's stagnation, and the main usually a result of inflation. What is loss of purchasing power and class welfare "average" and therefore social instability. But a drop in government revenue, what steps are being taken to compensate? because since Diocletian, basically two:

1) Lack of mobility both physical labor, prohibit by law the change of residence and a son take another profession that was not his father. This increased control over the population became more difficult and evasion of taxes.

2) Increase the bureaucracy to ensure collection of taxes, with the disadvantage that a heavy bureaucracy is more expensive to maintain, which in turn have to be increased taxes to support a structure that in turn has to be made fatter to continue controlling them ... follow me?

So in the end the effect achieved was just the opposite: the elites who could pay but would not have been emigrating to become genuine masters field outside the state, sometimes with its own armed forces, and the poorer parts of the city were also to the field to be "protected" by these gentlemen state. In the city every time there is less people and the state has fewer resources.

course is my opinion: that low empire centuries were characterized by stagnation and inflation state is a fact, I just pointed to the view that this was the main thing, others will blame the military pressure on the borders, etc. And in the end as usual: pressure on the borders "taking advantage of the decline?: Decline due to withstand the pressure at the borders? Here is one of the major problems encountered by historians of all time anywhere: the chicken and the egg.

And I'm not going to solve, so I leave now in peace to the Empire, now it is the turn to my friends the barbarians.

Melena Velba With A Man

Evolution of Consciousness and Political Thought 2010


We are already spreading butt Comprehensive Conference this year, namely on the lower right quadrant on the theory AQAL Ken Wilber, that is, the outside group, which is why we will focus especially on social and political issues.

This year also have unique in that we do at the University of Murcia (Spain), which is especially important for this to go with these things in academia. Although we are aware of the difficulty that this change is because in the past year were developing the conference in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bvery sensitive environment with this type of issue. Thus we

echéis us a hand in spreading, connecting and sending your link to your networks. The information of the VIII Conference of you have here,

http://www.asociacionintegral.es/content/viii-jornadas-cid

A hug, see you in Murcia